Regressive Sin Taxes

A common objection to “sin taxes”—corrective taxes on goods like cigarettes, alcohol, and sugary drinks, which are believed to be over-consumed—is that they fall disproportionately on low-income consumers. This paper studies the interaction between corrective and redistributive motives in a general optimal taxation framework. On the one hand, redistributive concerns amplify the corrective benefits of a sin tax when sin good consumption is concentrated on the poor, even when bias and demand elasticities are constant across incomes. On the other hand, a sin tax can generate regressivity costs, raising more revenue from the poor than from the rich. Sin tax regressivity can be offset by targeted transfers or income tax reforms if differences in sin good consumption are driven by income effects, but not if they are driven by preference heterogeneity, and not if the indirect incentives the sin tax generates for labor supply decisions are not salient. The price elasticity of demand determines the extent to which corrective benefits versus regressivity costs determine the size of the optimal tax. We implement our optimal tax formulas in a calibrated model of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption for a range of parameter values suggested by empirical work. ∗Lockwood: The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (E-mail: [email protected]). Taubinsky: Dartmouth and NBER (E-mail: [email protected]). We thank Hunt Allcott, Alan Auerbach, Raj Chetty, Stefano DellaVigna, Emmanuel Farhi, Xavier Gabaix, Nathaniel Hendren, Louis Kaplow, David Laibson, Erzo F.P. Luttmer, Matthew Rabin, Alex Rees-Jones, Emmanuel Saez, Jim Sallee, Florian Scheuer, Stefanie Stantcheva, Matthew Weinzierl, and participants at seminars and conferences for helpful comments and discussions. “The only way to protect all of us, including the poor, from further harm is through a sugary drink tax....” – Forbes article [April 2016] “A tax on soda and juice drinks would disproportionately increase taxes on low-income families in Philadelphia.” – Bernie Sanders, U.S. Senator [April 2016] “They’ve [big soda] made their money of the backs of poor people, but this money [soda tax revenue] will stay in poor neighborhoods.” – Jim Kenney, Philadelphia Mayor [in The Nation, May 2016]